Preparation of Hydrochar from Longan Peel: A Promising Adsorbent for Cationic Dye Removal in Aqueous Solutions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26554/ijmr.20242344Keywords:
Hydrochar, Longan Peel, Cationic Dyes, AdsorptionAbstract
This study successfully prepared longan peel hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization, characterized and evaluated for its adsorption capacity of cationic dyes malachite green (MG) and rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution. Material characterization through XRD analysis revealed diffraction peaks indicative of carbonaceous content, supported by FTIR results showing OH, C-O, and C-O-C functional groups. The BET analysis showed a surface area of 18.712 m2/g, and SEM images displayed a heterogeneous, irregular surface morphology with spherical particles. The longan peel hydrochar exhibited adsorption capacities of 117.647 mg/g for MG and 50.505 mg/g for RhB, with MG showing greater selectivity, as demonstrated through dye mixture adsorption tests. The adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic, and conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Adsorption of MG followed the Freundlich isotherm, while RhB adsorption conformed to the Langmuir isotherm. Additionally, the hydrochar exhibited reusability for up to two adsorption cycles, indicating its potential as an effective adsorbent for cationic dye removal from aqueous solutions.
References
Ahmad, N., Suryani, F., Royani, I., & Lesbani, A. (2023). Charcoal activated as template Mg/Al layered double hydroxide for selective adsorption of direct yellow on anionic dyes. Results in Chemistry, 5, 100766.
Anggraini, G. K., Novitasari, A., & Amri, A. (2024). Ca-Al layered double hydroxides pillared H4[a-PW12O40]⋅nH2O as adsorbent material for cadmium (II) removal from aqueous solution. Indonesian Journal of Material Research, 2(2), 56–60.
Chowdhury, R., Borgohain, X., Iraqui, S., & Rashid, M. H. (2024). Carboxymethyl cellulose assisted morphology controlled synthesis of Mn3O4 nanostructures for adsorptive removal of malachite green from water. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 282, 136838.
Fozer, D., Chrzanowski, L., Renz, M., Nowacki, B., & Ryberg, M. (2024). Evaluation of hydrothermal carbonization of biomass residues for bioenergy: A life-cycle based comparison against incumbent technologies. EFB Bioeconomy Journal, 4, 100069.
González-Fernández, L. A., Medellín-Castillo, N. A., Navarro-Frómeta, A. E., Castillo-Ramos, V., Sánchez-Polo, M., & Carrasco-Marín, F. (2024). Optimization of hydrochar synthesis conditions for enhanced Cd(II) and Pb(II) adsorption in mono and multimetallic systems. Environmental Research, 261, 119651.
Guo, H., Isoda, Y., Honma, T., Shen, F., & Smith, R. L. (2024). Sustainably-derived sulfonated pinecone-based hydrochar catalyst for carbohydrate dehydration. Renewable Energy, 232, 121145.
Hasanah, M., Wijaya, A., Dian Mohadi, R., Arsyad, F. S., & Lesbani, A. (2022). Hydrochar from Lansium domesticum and Salacca zalacca peel as adsorbent on rhodamine-B removal: Adsorption process and regeneration studies. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 49(6), 1530–1551.
Hien Tran, T., Le, A. H., Pham, T. H., Duong, L. D., Nguyen, X. C., Nadda, A. K., Chang, S. W., Chung, W. J., Nguyen, D. D., & Nguyen, D. T. (2022). A sustainable, low-cost carbonaceous hydrochar adsorbent for methylene blue adsorption derived from corncobs. Environmental Research, 212, 113178.
Iqbal, D., Ullah, R., Sarwar, M. I., Zhao, R., & Ning, X. (2025). Fabrication and adsorption characteristics of cuprammonium cellulose-based membranes for removing anionic and cationic dyes. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 705, 135692.
Khanzada, A. K., Al-Hazmi, H. E., Kurniawan, T. A., Majtacz, J., Piechota, G., Kumar, G., Ezzati, P., Saeb, M. R., Rabiee, N., Karimi-Maleh, H., Lima, E. C., & Mąkinia, J. (2024). Hydrochar as a bio-based adsorbent for heavy metals removal: A review of production processes, adsorption mechanisms, kinetic models, regeneration and reusability. Science of the Total Environment, 945, 173972.
Lawa, Y., Benu, F. L., Boimau, K., Riwu, D. B. N., Kune, P., Faria da Silva, A., Widyaningrum, B. A., Darmokoesoemoe, H., Kusuma, H. S., & Neolaka, Y. A. B. (2024). Hydrochar preparation from wild weeds (Amaranthus sp.) and its application as artificial soil for hydroponic system. Kuwait Journal of Science, 51(4), 100277.
Lesbani, A., Ahmad, N., Mohadi, R., Royani, I., Wibiyan, S., Amri, A., & Hanifah, Y. (2024). Selective adsorption of cationic dyes by layered double hydroxide with assist algae (Spirulina platensis) to enrich functional groups. JCIS Open, 15, 100118.
Li, F., Zimmerman, A. R., Zheng, Y., Yang, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, Y., Hu, X., Yu, Z., Huang, J., & Gao, B. (2021). P-enriched hydrochar for soil remediation: Synthesis, characterization, and lead stabilization. Science of the Total Environment, 783, 146983.
Lin, Y., Xu, H., Gao, Y., & Zhang, X. (2023). Preparation and characterization of hydrochar-derived activated carbon from glucose by hydrothermal carbonization. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13(5), 3785–3796.
Mohadi, R., Juleanti, N., Normah, N., Siregar, P. M. S. B. N., Wijaya, A., Palapa, N. R., & Lesbani, A. (2022a). Low-cost yet high-performance hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of duku peel (Lansium domesticum) for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 22(6), 1523–1533.
Mohadi, R., Normah, E. S., Fitri, E., & Palapa, N. R. (2022b). Unique adsorption properties of cationic dyes malachite green and rhodamine-B on longan (Dimocarpus longan) peel. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(1), 115–125.
Normah, N., Adhiyanti, N., Sayeri, R. J., & Wijaya, A. (2024). Efficient adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions using composites modified with Ni/Al LDH and Keggin type compounds. Indonesian Journal of Material Research, 2(2), 32–39.
Palapa, N. R., Amri, A., & Hanifah, Y. (2023a). Potential Indonesian rice husk for wastewater treatment: Agricultural waste preparation and dye removal application. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 7(4), 160–165.
Palapa, N. R., Wijaya, A., Ahmad, N., Amri, A., Mohadi, R., & Lesbani, A. (2023b). Activated hydrochar prepared from longan fruit (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) peel via hydrothermal carbonization-NaOH activation for cationic dyes removal. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(3), 461–470.
Paula Soares Dias, A., Saraiva, N., Rijo, B., Francisco Costa Pereira, M., Santos, L. F., Galhano, R., & Paulo, I. (2024). Sugar derived hydrochar catalysts for enhanced biodiesel production via esterification. Fuel, 374, 132459.
Pramanik, D. D., Garg, P., Ganesan, D., & Pramanik, A. (2024). Removal of malachite green from an aqueous environment using chitosan-xanthan gum coagulation system: A response surface methodology approach. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 65, 105896.
Sabarish, K., Sebastian, S. P., Maheswari, M., Balasubramaniam, P., & Ejilane, J. (2021). Production and characterization of paper board mill ETP sludge derived hydrochar. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 11(11), 1–8.
Singh, D. K., & Garg, A. (2024). Application of sewage sludge derived hydrochar as an adsorbent for removal of methylene blue. Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment, 8, 100158.
Wibiyan, S., Wijaya, A., & Siregar, P. M. S. B. N. (2023). Adsorption of phenol using cellulose and hydrochar: Kinetic, isotherm, and regeneration studies. Indonesian Journal of Material Research, 1(2), 61–67.
Wu, C., Zhao, Z., Zhong, J., Lv, Y., Yan, X., Wu, Y., & Zhang, H. (2024). Adsorption of dye through hydrochar derived from co-hydrothermal carbonization of garden waste and sewage sludge: The adsorption enhancement mechanism of lignin component. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 67, 106233.
Xu, S., G. Bi, J. Zou, H. Li, M. Chen, Z. Tang, Q. Yu, J. Xie, and Y. Chen (2024). Effect of Hydrochar from Biogas Slurry Co-Hydrothermal Carbonization with Biomass on Anaerobic Digestion Performance of Food Waste. Industrial Crops & Products, 221; 119361
Yazid, H., T. Bouzid, A. Naboulsi, A. Grich, E. M. el Mountassir, A. Regti, M. El Himri, and M. El Haddad (2024). Adsorption of Malachite Green Using Waste Marine Cuttlefish Bone Powder: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 209; 117210
Zhang, X., S. Shi, X. Men, Q. Hu, Y. Han, and X. Tian (2024). Elevating Clean Energy Through Sludge: A Comprehensive Study of Hydrothermal Carbonization and Co-Gasification Technologies. Journal of Energy Conversion, 45; 347–359
