Abstract

This paper provides a detailed review of nanoparticle biosynthesis, highlighting biological synthesis methods in comparison to physical and chemical approach. It addresses the shortcomings of existing techniques and explores potential advancements in this field. And, the applications of the nanoparticles prepared in a biological in the medical field, as well as studying its advantages and disadvantages, were highlighted. The paper review also provides a brief overview of nanoparticle applications, linking them to both the desired and achieved sizes through various synthesis methods.

Keywords

References

  1. Abul, M., M. Ajmal, S. Chen, and Y. Li (2016). Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Adenium obesum Leaf Extract Induced DNA Damage, Apoptosis and Autophagy via Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 141; 158–169
  2. Ahmad, A., P. Mukherjee, S. Senapati, D. Mandal, M. I. Khan, R. Kumar, and M. Sastry (2003a). Extracellular Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 28(4); 313–318
  3. Ahmad, A., S. Senapati, M. I. Khan, R. Kumar, and M. Sastry (2003b). Extracellular Biosynthesis of Monodisperse Gold Nanoparticles by a Novel Extremophilic Actinomycete, Thermomonospora sp. Langmuir, 19(8); 3550–3553
  4. Ahmed, A. H., A. S. Jasim, and S. K. Jasim (2024a). Silver Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid and Their Study of Physical Properties. Web of Semantics: Journal of Interdisciplinary Science, 2(2); 1–9
  5. Ahmed, A. H., A. S. Jasima, and S. K. Jasim (2024b). Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Pulsed Laser Ablation and Its Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties. International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials, 17(4); 634–641
  6. Ahmed, S. F., M. Mofijur, S. Nuzhat, A. T. Chowdhury, N. Rafa, M. A. Uddin, A. Inayat, T. M. I. Mahlia, H. C. Ong, W. Y. Chia, and P. L. Show (2021). Recent Developments in Physical, Biological, Chemical, and Hybrid Treatment Techniques for Removing Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 416; 125912
  7. Armendariz, V., I. Herrera, J. R. Peralta-Videa, M. Jose-Yacaman, H. Troiani, P. Santiago, and J. L. Gardea-Torresdey (2004). Size Controlled Gold Nanoparticle Formation by Avena sativa Biomass: Use of Plants in Nanobiotechnology. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 6; 377–382
  8. Bai, D.-P., X.-F. Zhang, G.-L. Zhang, Y.-F. Huang, and S. Gurunathan (2017). Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. International Journal of Nanomedicine; 6521–6535
  9. Barabadi, H., A. Alizadeh, M. Ovais, A. Ahmadi, Z. K. Shinwari, and M. Saravanan (2018). Efficacy of Green Nanoparticles Against Cancerous and Normal Cell Lines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. IET Nanobiotechnology, 12(4); 377–391
  10. Bhainsa, K. C. and S. F. D’Souza (2006). Extracellular Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 47(2); 160–164
  11. Bharde, A., D. Rautaray, V. Bansal, A. Ahmad, I. Sarkar, S. M. Yusuf, M. Sanyal, and M. Sastry (2006). Extracellular Biosynthesis of Magnetite Using Fungi. Small, 2(1); 135–141
  12. Bosetti, M., A. Masse, E. Tobin, and M. Cannas (2002). Silver Coated Materials for External Fixation Devices: In Vitro Biocompatibility and Genotoxicity. Biomaterials, 23(3); 887–892
  13. Chandran, S. P., M. Chaudhary, R. Pasricha, A. Ahmad, and M. Sastry (2006). Synthesis of Gold Nanotriangles and Silver Nanoparticles Using Aloe vera Plant Extract. Biotechnology Progress, 22(2); 577–583
  14. Dameron, C. T., R. N. Reese, R. K. Mehra, A. R. Kortan, P. J. Carroll, M. L. Steigerwald, L. E. Brus, and D. R. Winge (1989). Biosynthesis of Cadmium Sulphide Quantum Semiconductor Crystallites. Nature, 338; 596–597
  15. Das, P., S. Ghosh, R. Ghosh, S. Dam, and M. Baskey (2018). Madhuca longifolia Plant Mediated Green Synthesis of Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles: A Promising Environmentally Sustainable Material for Waste Water Treatment and Efficient Antibacterial Agent. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 189; 66–73
  16. Devatha, C. P., A. K. Thalla, and S. Y. Katte (2016). Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles Using Different Leaf Extracts for Treatment of Domestic Waste Water. Journal of Cleaner Production
  17. Dey, A., A. Bandyopadhyay, and A. Banerjee (2019). Cytotoxic and Mutagenic Effects of Green Silver Nanoparticles in Cancer and Normal Cells: A Brief Review. Nucleus
  18. Douglas, T. and M. Young (1993). Host-Guest Encapsulation of Materials by Assembled Virus Protein Cages. Nature, 393; 152–155
  19. Du, L., H. Jiang, X. Liu, and E. Wang (2007). Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Assisted by Escherichia coli DH5???? and Its Application on Direct Electrochemistry of Hemoglobin. Electrochemistry Communications, 9(5); 1165–1170
  20. Duran, N., P. D. Marcarto, G. I. H. De Souza, O. L. Alves, and E. Esposito (2007). Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Produced by Fungal Process on Textile Fabrics and Their Effluent Treatment. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 3; 203–208
  21. Faraday, M. (1857). On the Relations of Gold and Other Metals to Light. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 8; 356–361
  22. Gong, P., H. Li, X. He, K. Wang, J. Hu, and W. e. a. Tan (2007). Preparation and Antibacterial Activity of Fe3O4@Ag Nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, 18; 604–611
  23. Gopalu, K., G. S. Kattakgoundar, A. Saheb, and E.-B. Ch (2023). Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles from Various Biological Sources and Its Biomedical Applications. Molecules, 28(11); 4527
  24. Goutam, S. P., G. Saxena, V. Singh, A. K. Yadav, R. N. Bharagava, and K. B. Thapa (2018). Green Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Jatropha curcas L. for Photocatalytic Degradation of Tannery Wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal, 336; 386–396
  25. Gupta, A. and S. Silver (1998). Silver as a Biocide: Will Resistance Become a Problem? Nature Biotechnology, 16; 888
  26. Hanan, N. A., H. I. Chiu, M. R. Ramachandran, W. H. Tung, N. Nadhirah, M. Zain, N. Yahaya, and V. Lim (2018). Cytotoxicity of Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review. Scientific Reports. In press
  27. Huang, J., Q. Li, D. Sun, Y. Lu, Y. Su, X. Yang, H. Wang, Y. Wang, W. Shao, N. He, J. Hong, and C. Chen (2007). Biosynthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles by Novel Sundried Cinnamomum camphora Leaf. Nanotechnology, 18(10); 105104
  28. Hussein, J. M., S. K. Jasim, T. F. Abdullah, and A. S. Jasim (2024). Study and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by Switched Nd:YAG Laser. Indonesian Journal of Material Research, 2(3); 73–78
  29. Jain, P. and T. Pradeep (2005). Potential of Silver Nanoparticle Coated Polyurethane Foam as an Antibacterial Water Filter. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 90(1); 59–63
  30. Jasim, A. S., S. K. Jasim, and A. A. Habeeb (2021a). Synthesis of Cinnamon Nanoparticles by Using Laser Ablation Technique. Iraqi Journal of Physics, 19(49); 7–14
  31. Jasim, S. K., S. M. Hussan, A. S. Noori, and A. A. Habeb (2024). Determine Surface Plasmon Resonance and Effect Parameters Laser Ablation on Cu and Zn Nanoparticles. In AIP Conference Proceedings, volume 3219. pages 1–5
  32. Jasim, S. K., A. S. Jasim, and A. A. Habeeb (2021b). Growth of Cinnamon Nanoparticles in Different Liquids by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAL). MJPS, 8(2); 1–7
  33. Kenyon, A. L. and I. H. Solomon (2025). What Every Neuropathologist Needs to Know: Update on Neuro Infectious Disease Workups and Consultation Resources. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology; nlaf009
  34. Klaus, T., R. Joerger, E. Olsson, and C. G. Granqvist (1999). Silver Based Crystalline Nanoparticles, Microbially Fabricated. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96(24); 13611–13614
  35. Konishi, Y., K. Ohno, N. Saitoh, T. Nomura, and S. Nagamine (2004). Microbial Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Metal Reducing Bacterium. Transactions of the Materials Research Society of Japan, 29(5); 2341–2343
  36. Kowshik, M., S. Ashtaputre, S. Kharrazi, W. Vogel, J. Urban, S. K. Kulkarni, and K. M. Paknikar (2003). Extracellular Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by a Silver-Tolerant Yeast Strain MKY3. Nanotechnology, 14(1); 95–100
  37. Kumar, A., P. K. Vemula, P. M. Ajayan, and G. John (2008). Silver Nanoparticle-Embedded Antimicrobial Paints Based on Vegetable Oil. Nature Materials, 7(3); 236–241
  38. Leaper, D. L. (2006). Silver Dressings: Their Role in Wound Management. International Wound Journal, 3(4); 282–294
  39. Li, Y., X. Duan, Y. Qian, Y. Li, and H. Liao (1999). Nanocrystalline Silver Particles: Synthesis, Agglomeration, and Sputtering Induced by Electron Beam. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 209(1); 347–349
  40. Lin, L., W. Wang, J. Huang, Q. Li, D. Sun, X. Yang, H. Wang, N. He, and Y. Wang (2010). Nature Factory of Silver Nanowires: Plant-Mediated Synthesis Using Broth of Cassia fistula Leaf. Chemical Engineering Journal, 162(3); 852–858
  41. Loveley, J. F., G. L. Stolz, E. J. P. Nord, and E. J. P. Phillips (1987). Mechanisms for Chelator Stimulation of Microbial Fe(III)-Oxide Reduction. Nature, 330; 252–254
  42. Mahmood, T. M., K. H. Jawad, and M. S. Jabir (2025). Synergistic Effect of AgNPs and Gentamicin: Inhibition of Multi-Drug Resistance Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Down-Regulated fimH Gene. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 41; 101437
  43. Mazur, M. (2004). Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Chemical Reduction Method and Their Antibacterial Activity. Electrochemistry Communications, 6(4); 400–403
  44. Mohammadinejad, R., M. A. Moosavi, S. Tavakol, O. Vardar, A. Hosseini, M. Rahmati, L. Dini, S. Hussain, A. Mandegary, and D. J. Klionsky (2019). Necrotic, Apoptotic and Autophagic Cell Fates Triggered by Nanoparticles. Autophagy, 15; 4–33
  45. Mukherjee, P., A. Ahmad, D. Mandal, S. Senapati, S. R. Sainkar, M. I. Khan, R. Pasricha, and M. Sastry (2001). Fungus-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Immobilization in the Mycelial Matrix: A Novel Biological Approach to Nanoparticle Synthesis. Nano Letters, 1(10); 515–519
  46. Mukherjee, P., M. Roy, B. P. Mandal, G. K. Dey, P. K. Mukherjee, J. Ghatak, A. K. Tyagi, and S. P. Kale (2008). Green Synthesis of Highly Stabilized Nanocrystalline Silver Particles by a Non-Pathogenic and Agriculturally Important Fungus Trichoderma asperellum. Nanotechnology, 19(7); 075103
  47. Mumtaz, A. and H. Munir (2019). Mimosa pudica Gum-Based Nanoparticles Development, Characterization, and Evaluation for Their Mutagenicity, Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity. Materials Research Express, 6(11); 115406
  48. Nair, B. and T. Pradeep (2002). Coalescence of Nanoclusters and Formation of Submicron Crystallites Assisted by Lactobacillus Strains. Crystal Growth & Design, 2(4); 293–298
  49. Nanogloss (2015). Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology. Accessed: 2025-04-05
  50. Oberdorster, G., E. Oberdörster, and J. Oberdörster (2005). Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(7); 823–839
  51. Okami, Y., T. Beppu, and H. Ogawara, editors (1988). Biology of Actinomycetes ’88. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo
  52. Pletts, M. W. and R. E. Burrell (2025). Clinically Relevant Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Nanocrystalline and Nanomolecular Silver. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 33(1); e13249
  53. Raveendran, P., J. Fu, and S. L. Wallen (2003). Silver Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Their Antimicrobial Activities. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125(46); 13940–13941
  54. Roco, M. C. (2005). Trends in Nanotechnology Patents. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 7(6); 707–712
  55. Sabri, T. Y., S. K. Jasim, A. A. Habeeb, and A. S. Jasim (2024). Preparation and Study Ag Nanoparticles via PLAL Technique: Influence of Different Number of Pulses. International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials (IJNeaM), 17(1); 45–51
  56. Sadeghi-Kiakhani, M., E. Hashemi, and M. M. Norouzi (2025). Valorization of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Peel Extract as an Agricultural Waste for Green Fabrication of Bio-Silver Nanoparticles on Cellulosic Fabrics. Industrial Crops and Products, 223; 120139
  57. Sarac, N., T. Baygar, and A. Ugur (2017). In Vitro Mutagenic and Anti-Mutagenic Properties of Green Synthesised Silver Nanoparticles. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 7; 230–233
  58. Sastry, M., A. Ahmad, M. I. Khan, and R. Kumar (2003). Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Fungi and Actinomycete. Current Science, 85(2); 162–170
  59. Selim, Y. A., M. A. Azb, I. Ragab, and M. H. M. A. El-azim (2020). Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extract of Deverra tortuosa and Their Cytotoxic Activities. Scientific Reports; 1–9
  60. Shahverdi, A. R., A. Fakhimi, H. R. Shahverdi, and S. Minaian (2007). Synthesis and Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on the Antibacterial Activity of Different Antibiotics Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 3(2); 168–171
  61. Shankar, S. S., A. Ahmad, and M. Sastry (2003). Geranium Leaf Assisted Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. Biotechnology Progress, 19(6); 1627–1631
  62. Shinde, N. C. (2012). Nanoparticles: Advances in Drug Delivery Systems. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3(1); 922–929
  63. Shiv Shankar, S., A. Rai, A. Ahmad, and M. Sastry (2004). Rapid Synthesis of Au, Ag, and Bimetallic Au Core–Ag Shell Nanoparticles Using Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaf Broth. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 275(2); 496–502
  64. Shiv Shankar, S., A. Rai, A. Ahmad, and M. Sastry (2011). Biosynthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles from Extracts of Different Parts of the Geranium Plant. Applied Nanoscience, 1(1); 69–77
  65. Singaravelu, G., J. S. Arockiamary, V. G. Kumar, and K. Govindaraju (2007). A Novel Extracellular Synthesis of Monodisperse Gold Nanoparticles Using Marine Alga, Sargassum wightii Greville. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 57(1); 97–101
  66. Slawson, R. M., M. I. Van Dyke, H. Lee, and J. T. Trevors (1992). Germanium and Silver Resistance, Accumulation, and Toxicity in Microorganisms. Plasmid, 27(1); 73–79
  67. Sweeney, R. Y., C. Mao, X. Gao, J. L. Burt, A. M. Belcher, G. Georgiou, and B. L. Iverson (2004). Bacterial Biosynthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanocrystals. Chemistry & Biology, 11(11); 1553–1559
  68. Tiwari, A. K., P. C. Pandey, M. K. Gupta, and R. J. Narayan (2025). Nano–Bio Interaction and Antibacterial Mechanism of Engineered Metal Nanoparticles: Fundamentals and Current Understanding. Journal of Cluster Science, 36(1); 1–33
  69. Yadav, N. (2013). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles– A Review. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, (020048)
  70. Zhong, L., J. Hu, Z. Cui, L. Wan, and W. Song (2007). Synthesis and Applications of Silver Nanoparticles. Chemistry of Materials, 19; 4557–4562